目录

欧洲站卖家必看:递延进口VAT还是继续走双清包税?

1. 欧洲进口VAT递延(Postponed VAT Accounting)究竟是什么?

什么是VAT递延?

VAT递延,又称“进口 VAT 反向征收(reverse charge)”机制,允许进口商在进口过程中无需在海关预付 VAT,而是将这笔税款与申报与抵扣合并于当期 VAT 报表中处理,从而大幅缓解现金流压力 。这意味着,进口商在 VAT 报表中同时申报可缴 VAT 和可抵扣 VAT,若能全额抵扣,净影响通常为零。

为什么法国对 PVA 做出了强制性调整?

2022 年 1 月 1 日起,法国实施新规:将进口 VAT 的征收管理从海关(DGDDI)移交至税务机关(DGFiP),并强制推行 PVA(无需事先授权)。详细来看:

  • 无需预先支付现金:税务报表中申报并抵扣,避免在通关时支付 VAT。
  • 无需申请:对所有法国 VAT 注册(含非欧盟企业,需通过财政代表)进口商自动适用。
  • 流程便捷:每月14日税务系统将生成预填 VAT 申报数据;申报截止日统一为当月 24 日。

此外,法国还取消了此前对保证金或担保的要求,即便无需提供保证金,也可享受VAT 递延。

各国PVA实施差异:英国、爱尔兰等采取类似机制

  • 英国:自2021年1月实行 PVA,任何VAT注册企业都可在VAT Return中申报进口VAT,无需付款。需要在进口申报中选择PVA,并填写EORI识别信息。
  • 爱尔兰:允许VAT注册商不仅申报进口VAT,还可同时抵扣,称为“Postponed Accounting”,但为可选制度,不强制。

参见:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/discover-customs-authorisations-that-help-you-import-and-export-goods/suspending-or-delaying-payments-of-customs-duty-import-vat-and-other-tax-charges

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700

总结对比一下

国家/地区VAT 递延机制是否强制操作要求
法国是(PVA)仅需VAT注册(非欧盟需财政代表)
英国是(PVA)否(按需选择)VAT注册 + 指定申报方式
爱尔兰是(Postponed Accounting)VAT& Customs注册,符合条件即用

2. EORI与MRN:进入欧洲VAT自税模式的“通行证”

要顺利使用 AT自税(递延 VAT)机制,以下两个号是必须滴,它们是通关、申报和合规的最基础的工具:

A. EORI 号码(Economic Operator Registration and Identification)

什么是 EORI?

EORI 是欧盟海关分配给进出口经济运营商的 唯一识别码,在整个欧盟范围内通用,是办理任何海关手续的必备条件,无论你是 EU 内企业还是境外卖家,都必须拥有 EORI。

谁需要申请 EORI ?

  1. 如果你首次将货物进口到某个 EU 国家,即使企业不在 EU 也必须申请 EORI;
  2. 任何货代、承运商,或以你名义申报进口的第三方也需提供该标识号;
  3. 若你是EU内企业,可在所在地国家海关申请;若是境外卖家,应在首次进口国申请 。


B. MRN号码(Movement Reference Number)

MRN是什么?

MRN 是由海关通过 入境预申报系统(ENS) 或其他电子系统生成的 移动参考编号,用于唯一标识一次海关申报及货物流转过程。这是 EU 各国家海关处理货物的重要依据 。

MRN 的作用是什么?

  • 修改和跟踪申报状态。通过MRN,海关可以实时识别你的货物、进行风险评估、调拨货物等;
  • 缓解通关“盲区”:没有MRN,货件可能无法装船或会滞留港口,产生仓储费或延误;
  • 合规要求:Amazon法国站等平台要求提供MRN,用于备案与长期保存。

MRN的获得方式:

  1. 承运人提交 ENS:货物装运前,承运人(或你委托的报关行)须通过 ENS 系统申报入境信息,海关审核后发放 MRN;
  2. 自我申报:如果你直接处理海关自动提交申报,也能获取 MRN,随后用于税表填报和后续纳税程序。


总结:为何这两个号码是VAT自税的“前置条件”?

要素功能与价值
EORI唯一身份识别,决策者、申报者身份合法合规
MRN海关通关编号,税务申报与物流跟踪不可缺失

总之,对于想长期稳健运营欧洲站(特别法国、德国、意大利、西班牙等)的跨境卖家来说,拥有 EORI + MRN 并掌握申报流程,不仅是实现 VAT 自税的前提,也能在 Amazon 平台审核、合规和价格控制上建立优势。


3. 与“双清包税”相比,VAT递延对成本与风险的影响如何?

传统“双清包税”模式由货代或物流方帮卖家一站式缴纳进口 VAT 与关税,虽然操作简单,但可能隐藏以下问题:

  • 成本不透明:代理可能按照他们内部的估算费率收取费用,卖家无法分项明细了解费用构成。
  • 价格结构影响链接价格:卖家无法精确控制 Amazon 链接定价中的税费成本。
  • 合规风险:若货代未提供 MRN 或 EORI 等必要文件,一旦海关审计可能带来滞留、罚款或海关记录风险。

反观 VAT 自税(递延)方式:

  • 税费透明、可自行申报与抵扣,有助于准确计算分摊成本,优化链接定价。
  • 避免代理风险,但需确保自身 VAT 申报及时准确,并具备相关资质和系统。

4. 长远来看,递延VAT是否是跨境卖家的“正道”?

对于长期扎根欧洲市场,尤其在德国、法国、意大利、西班牙等站点拥有库存或频繁补货的卖家,采用 VAT 自税(递延申报)方式符合以下趋势:

  1. 降低现金占用:无需在通关前支付,可减少资金压力;
  2. 提高透明度与定价准确性:对产品利润、链接定价控制更严密;
  3. 提升合规稳健性:自主申报可保存完整报关记录,适应监管趋势;
  4. 适应 Amazon Pan-EU 模型下多国 VAT 注册要求:随着库存在不同 EU 国家转移,卖家需在多个国家注册 VAT 并申报内部转移 VAT(Inter-EU movements)。

优势场景风险与替代方案
小批量便捷、简化流程易低报、违规、货权不明
操作依赖第三方合规性增值税抵扣、平台政策受限
看似节省成本一旦查验成本倍增,信用受损
  • 尤其在大宗货物场景下,拼柜导致的风险集中爆发时效延误与责任承担更加严重。


为什么 VAT 自税 + VAT 递延更具长期价值?

特性VAT 自税(自清关)模式
透明度全流程掌控,费用明晰
合规性使用自己 VAT/EORI,记录清晰合法
成本控制避免代理风险、低报罚款等隐患
平台安全性提供完整申报凭证,提高平台信任
长远发展基础符合欧盟合规趋势,可持续扩展规模

结语

总体来看,“双清包税”依然有其存在的便利性,但更多适用于一次性、低频次或试水阶段的卖家;而“VAT 自税 + 递延申报”模式则更贴合长期、规模化、合规化运营的需求。随着法国等国家强制推行 PVA,以及亚马逊、欧盟税务机关日益严格的合规审查,掌握 EORI 与 MRN,建立自有申报与合规体系,不仅是降低成本、优化定价的利器,更是应对未来监管环境变化的必修课。换句话说,在欧洲跨境电商的赛道上,谁先把 VAT 递延与自主合规的“地基”打牢,谁就能在未来的市场竞争中跑得更稳、更远。

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